template<unsigned int S>
class FixedSizeString : public VirtualString { ... }



// Convenient typedefs
//
using String32  = FixedSizeString<31>;
using String64  = FixedSizeString<63>;
using String128 = FixedSizeString<127>;
using String512 = FixedSizeString<511>;
using String1K  = FixedSizeString<1023>;
using String2K  = FixedSizeString<2047>;

using namespace std;

int main (int, char *[])  {

    const   size_t            the_size = 32;
    FixedSizeString<the_size> the_str;
    FixedSizeString<the_size> the_str2 = the_str;
    FixedSizeString<the_size> the_str3 (the_str);

    cout << "The size is: " << the_size << endl;
    cout << "capacity(): " << the_str.capacity () << endl;
    cout << "size(): " << the_str.size () << endl;
    cout << "c_str(): '" << the_str.c_str () << "'" << endl;
    cout << "Size of FixedSizeString<32>: " << sizeof(the_str) << endl;

    VirtualString::const_pointer  str_1 = "This is a test";

    cout << "str_1: " << str_1 << endl;

    the_str = str_1;
    cout << "After the_str = str_1;\n" << the_str.c_str () << endl;
    cout << "size(): " << the_str.size () << endl;

    VirtualString::const_pointer  str_2 = "This string 2";

    cout << "str_2: " << str_2 << endl;

    the_str = str_2;
    cout << "After the_str = str_2;\n" << the_str.c_str () << endl;
    cout << "size(): " << the_str.size () << endl;

    the_str = str_1;
    the_str += str_2;
    cout << "After the_str = str_1; " << endl << "      the_str += str_2; " << endl << the_str.c_str () << endl;
    cout << "size(): " << the_str.size () << endl;
    cout << "Result of the_str == str_1;\n" << (the_str == str_1) << endl;
    cout << "Result of the_str != str_1;\n" << (the_str != str_1) << endl;

    the_str = str_1;
    cout << "After the_str = str_1; " << endl;
    cout << "Result of the_str == str_1;\n" << (the_str == str_1) << endl;
    cout << "Result of the_str != str_1;\n" << (the_str != str_1) << endl;

    the_str.printf ("%d %lf", 12, 20.4356);
    cout << "After the_str.printf (\"%d %lf\", 12, 20.4356);\n" << the_str.c_str () << endl;

    cout << "The 3rd char is: " << the_str [3] << endl;
    the_str [3] = 'X';
    cout << "After the_str [3] = 'X'; The 3rd char is: " << the_str [3] << endl << the_str.c_str () << endl;

    cout << "Is the_str empty? " << the_str.empty () << endl;
    the_str.clear ();
    cout << "After clear(), is the_str empty? " << the_str.empty () << endl;

    FixedSizeString<the_size> the_str4 ("String passed to constructor");

    cout << "After the_str4 (\"String passed to constructor\");\n" << the_str4.c_str () << endl;

    FixedSizeString<28>   str28 = "This is a 28 char string";
    FixedSizeString<64>   str64 = "This is a 64 char string. I am going to make it longer than 28 chars.";
    VirtualString         &vstr28 = str28;
    VirtualString         &vstr64 = str64;

    cout << "\n\n-- Testing the abstract base class\n\n";
    {
        cout << "vstr28 = '" << vstr28.c_str () << "'" << endl;
        cout << "vstr64 = '" << vstr64.c_str () << "'" << endl;
    }

    cout << "\n\n-- Testing the iterators on vstr64\n\n";
    {
        for (VirtualString::const_iterator itr = str64.begin (); itr != vstr64.end (); ++itr)
            cout << "  '" << *itr << "'";
        cout << endl;
    }

    cout << "\n\n-- Testing the comparison operators\n\n";
    {
        FixedSizeString<28>   str1 = "AAAAx";
        FixedSizeString<18>   str2 = "AAAA";

        cout << "AAAAx > AAAA -> " << (str1 > str2) << endl;
        str1 = "Azzz";
        str2 = "Bxxx";
        cout << "Azzz > Bxxx -> " << (str1 > str2) << endl;
        str1 = "AAAA";
        str2 = "AAAA";
        cout << "AAAA > AAAA -> " << (str1 > str2) << endl;
        str1 = "AAAz";
        str2 = "AAAx";
        cout << "AAAz > AAAx -> " << (str1 > str2) << endl;
    }

    cout << "\n\n-- Testing the find methods\n\n";
    {
        FixedSizeString<28>   str = "A.B.CDEFGHIJKLMN";

        if (str.find ('.') != 1)  {
            cout << "ERROR: str.find ('.') failed" << endl;
            return (-1);
        }
        if (str.find ('.', 2) != 3)  {
            cout << "ERROR: str.find ('.', 2) failed" << endl;
            return (-1);
        }
        if (str.find ('.', 4) != VirtualString::npos)  {
            cout << "ERROR: str.find ('.', 4) failed" << endl;
            return (-1);
        }
        if (str.find ('X') != VirtualString::npos)  {
            cout << "ERROR: str.find ('X') failed" << endl;
            return (-1);
        }
        if (str.find ('.', 16) != VirtualString::npos)  {
            cout << "ERROR: str.find ('.', 16) failed" << endl;
            return (-1);
        }

        if (str.find ("HIJ", 4) != 9)  {
            cout << "ERROR: str.find (\"HIJ\", 9) failed" << endl;
            return (-1);
        }
        if (str.find ("A.B.CD") != 0)  {
            cout << "ERROR: str.find (\"A.B.CD\") failed" << endl;
            return (-1);
        }
        if (str.find ("LMN", 13) != 13)  {
            cout << "ERROR: str.find (\"LMN\", 13) failed" << endl;
            return (-1);
        }
        if (str.find ("LMN") != 13)  {
            cout << "ERROR: str.find (\"LMN\") failed" << endl;
            return (-1);
        }
        if (str.find ("XYZ") != VirtualString::npos)  {
            cout << "ERROR: str.find (\"XYZ\", 9) failed" << endl;
            return (-1);
        }

        cout << "SUCCESS: find method is working" << endl;
    }

    cout << "\n\n-- Testing the ncopy()\n\n";
    {
        FixedSizeString<8>   str;

        str.ncopy ("123456", 8);
        cout << "It must be '123456' -- '" << str.c_str () << "'" << endl;

        str.ncopy ("123456789012", 5);
        cout << "It must be '12345' -- '" << str.c_str () << "'" << endl;

    }

    cout << "\n\n-- Testing the append_printf()\n\n";
    {
        FixedSizeString<1023> str;

        str = "This is a string: ";
        str.append_printf ("%s %d -- ", "This is appended", 1);
        str.append_printf ("%s %d.\n", "This is appended again", 2);
        cout << str.c_str () << endl;

    }

    // I just want to make sure that these statements will compile.
    //
    str28.compare (vstr64);
    vstr64.compare (str28);
    if (str28 == vstr64);
    if (vstr64 == str28);

    cout << "\n\n-- Testing the replace()\n\n";
    {
        FixedSizeString<15>   str = "USD/JPY";
        std::string           stdstr = "USD/JPY";

        cout << "Original: " << str;
        str.replace (3, 1, "");
        stdstr.replace (3, 1, "");
        cout << " replace (3, 1, \"\"): " << str << " " << stdstr << endl;

        str = "USD/JPY";
        stdstr = "USD/JPY";
        cout << "Original: " << str;
        str.replace (3, 1, "\\");
        stdstr.replace (3, 1, "\\");
        cout << " replace (3, 1, \"\\\"): " << str << " " << stdstr << endl;

        str = "USD/JPY";
        stdstr = "USD/JPY";
        cout << "Original: " << str;
        str.replace (3, 3, "->>");
        stdstr.replace (3, 3, "->>");
        cout << " Rreplace (3, 3, \"->>\"): " << str << " " << stdstr << endl;

        str = "USD/JPY";
        stdstr = "USD/JPY";
        cout << "Original: " << str;
        str.replace (0, 1, "");
        stdstr.replace (0, 1, "");
        cout << " replace (0, 1, \"\"): " << str << " " << stdstr << endl;

        str = "USD/JPY";
        stdstr = "USD/JPY";
        cout << "Original: " << str;
        str.replace (0, 1, "S");
        stdstr.replace (0, 1, "S");
        cout << " replace (0, 1, \"S\"): " << str << " " << stdstr << endl;

        str = "USD/JPY";
        stdstr = "USD/JPY";
        cout << "Original: " << str;
        str.replace (0, 3, "->>");
        stdstr.replace (0, 3, "->>");
        cout << " replace (0, 3, \"->>\"): " << str << " " << stdstr << endl;

        str = "USD/JPY";
        stdstr = "USD/JPY";
        cout << "Original: " << str;
        str.replace (6, 1, "");
        stdstr.replace (6, 1, "");
        cout << " replace (6, 1, \"\"): " << str << " " << stdstr << endl;

        str = "USD/JPY";
        stdstr = "USD/JPY";
        cout << "Original: " << str;
        str.replace (6, 1, "P");
        stdstr.replace (6, 1, "P");
        cout << " replace (6, 1, \"P\"): " << str << " " << stdstr << endl;

        str = "USD/JPY";
        stdstr = "USD/JPY";
        cout << "Original: " << str;
        str.replace (6, 3, "->>");
        stdstr.replace (6, 3, "->>");
        cout << " replace (6, 3, \"->>\"): " << str << " " << stdstr << endl;

        str = "USD/JPY";
        stdstr = "USD/JPY";
        cout << "Original: " << str;
        str.replace (6, 1, "->>");
        stdstr.replace (6, 1, "->>");
        cout << " replace (6, 1, \"->>\"): " << str << " " << stdstr << endl;

        str = "USD/JPY";
        stdstr = "USD/JPY";
        cout << "Original: " << str;
        str.replace (5, 1, "->>");
        stdstr.replace (5, 1, "->>");
        cout << " replace (5, 1, \"->>\"): " << str << " " << stdstr << endl;

        str = "USD/JPY";
        stdstr = "USD/JPY";
        cout << "Original: " << str;
        str.replace (5, 3, "->>");
        stdstr.replace (5, 3, "->>");
        cout << " replace (5, 3, \"->>\"): " << str << " " << stdstr << endl;
    }

    cout << "\n\n-- Testing Performance\n\n";
    {
        static const char     *STRING = "The is a test string";
        static const char     *ALPHA = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";
        char                  *str1 = ::strdup (STRING);
        char                  *str2 = ::strdup (STRING);
        FixedSizeString<31>   my_str1 = STRING;
        FixedSizeString<31>   my_str2 = STRING;
        std::string           std_str1 = STRING;
        std::string           std_str2 = STRING;
        int                   count = 0;
        const time_t          start = ::time (NULL);

        for (int i = 0; i < 100000000; ++i)  {
            str1 [10] = ALPHA [::rand () % 25];
            str2 [10] = ALPHA [::rand () % 25];

            if (my_str1 == my_str2)
                ++count;
        }

        const   time_t  end = ::time (NULL);
        cout << "String comparison took: " << end - start << " seconds." << endl;
    }

    return (EXIT_SUCCESS);
}